Завдяки великій кількості діагностичних зображень цей посібник «Конусно-променева КТ у стоматології: атлас для стоматологів і радіологів» дає вичерпне уявлення про конусно-променеву комп’ютерну томографію, її використання для діагностики стоматологічних захворювань і планування лікування в стоматологічній практиці. Надається детальний опис анатомічних структур зуба та їхнього вигляду на комп’ютерній томограмі. Показані та описані найбільш поширені стоматологічні захворювання, а також ознаки злоякісних новоутворень. Книжка озброїть читача фундаментальними знаннями про рентгенологічну картину денто-альвеолярної анатомії та надасть рекомендації щодо інтерпретації артефактів, захворювань і деяких відомих анатомічних варіацій. Хоча ця книга призначена насамперед для стоматологів, вона буде корисною для багатьох інших медичних працівників, включаючи медичних радіологів.
Тим читачам, які придбали паперовий посібник, дається можливість завантажити відео через безкоштовний додаток SN More Media, який треба завантажити на свій мобільний пристрій.
S 12296
Ng, Suk Y.
Cone beam CT in dentistry: an atlas for dentists and medical radiologists / S. Y. Ng. – Cham: Springer, 2023
CONTENTS
1 The Three-Dimensional Nature of a Dental CBCT Scan
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Viewing Dental X-Ray and CBCT Images
1.2.1 Conventional Anatomical Planes
1.2.2 Conventional Dental Radiographs
1.2.3 Right and Left in Coronal Plane
1.2.4 Right and Left in Axial Plane
1.2.5 Sagittal Default
1.2.6 Horizontal and Vertical Flip
1.2.7 One Plane, Sequential Slices
1.2.8 Three Planes, Single Slices
1.2.9 Videos
1.2.10 CBCT Versus MSCT
1.3 Three-Dimensional Arrangement of Teeth in the Dental Arch
1.3.1 In the Axial Plane
1.3.2 In the Sagittal Plane, Curve of Spee
1.3.3 In the Coronal Plane, Curve of Wilson
1.3.4 Occlusal and Skeletal Base Relationships
1.4 Reconstructions from Original Scan Dataset
1.4.1 Reconstructing in Flat Planes
1.4.2 Reconstructing a Synthetic Panoramic (Syn-Pan)Curved Plane
1.4.3 How Not to Draw a Syn-Pan
1.4.4 3 D Reconstruction
1.5 Summary
Reference
2 Visualisation of Dental Anatomy in CBCT Scans
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General Description of Permanent Teeth
2.2.1 Incremental Growth Pattern of Teeth
2.2.2 Number of Roots
2.2.3 Root Canals
2.3 Dental Notation Systems
2.3.1 Palmer Notation
2.3.2 FDI System
2.3.3 Hybrid System
2.3.4 Charting a Whole Quadrant or a Whole Mouth
2.4 CBCT Interpretation and Tooth Eruption Dates
2.4.1 Chronology of the Permanent Dentition
2.4.2 Concept of Age-Appropriate Tooth Development and Radiation Dose
2.5 Understanding the Cross-Sectional Images in this Chapter
2.6 Longitudinal and Transverse Sections through some Permanent Teeth (Case D801)
2.6.1 Videos
2.6.2 Incisor
2.6.3 Canine (Cuspid)
2.6.4 Premolar (Bicuspid)
2.6.5 Molar
2.7 Deciduous Teeth
2.7.1 Upper Deciduous Second Molar
2.7.2 Comparison between Deciduous Molar and Permanent Molar
2.8 Transverse Sections Through Crown and Root of Single Rooted Teeth
2.8.1 Upper Right Permanent Central Incisor (UR1)
2.8.2 Lower Left Permanent Canine (LL3)
2.8.3 Upper Left First Premolar (UL4)
2.9 Transverse Sections Through Crown and Root
of Multi-Rooted Teeth
2.9.1 Upper Right Permanent First Molar (UR6)
2.9.2 Lower Right Permanent First Molar (LR6)
2.10 Videos of Case D801
2.11 Summary
References
3 Anatomy of Structures around the Teeth in CBCT Scans
3.1 Introduction
3.2 How this Chapter Is Organised
3.2.1 The Ten Scans
3.2.2 Scan Volume Size
3.2.3 Composite Pictures in Pairs
3.2.4 Coordinates of Composite Pictures
3.2.5 Orientation Lines in Composite Pictures
3.2.6 Orientation Lines, Colour Coding
3.2.7 Dento-Alveolar Region 8 × 8 cm, Scan D827
3.2.8 Artefacts in Scan D827
3.2.9 Tongue Shadow, Movement Artefact
3.2.10 Air
3.2.11 Nose up, Nose Down
3.2.12 Sagittal Default to Left
3.2.13 Key—Explanation
3.3 Anatomical Basis for Disease Progression
3.3.1 Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
3.3.2 Perineural Spread to Intracranial Cavity
3.4 Key
3.5 Small Size Volume Scan of Mandible
3.5.1 Gubernacular Canal. Nutrient Canals
3.5.2 ID Canal and its Branches
3.5.3 Inferior Dental Canal (ID Canal)
3.5.4 Retromolar Canal
3.5.5 Anterior Loop
3.5.6 Incisive Canal in Mandible
3.6 Mandible in Synthetic Panoramic
3.7 Small Size Volume Scan of Maxilla
3.7.1 Anterior Maxilla
3.7.2 Canalis Sinuosus
3.7.3 Posterior Superior Alveolar Canal
3.7.4 Nasolacrimal Canal
3.7.5 Ostio-Meatal Complex of Maxillary Sinus
3.7.6 Concha Bullosa (Aerated Bone)
3.7.7 Haller Cell (Aerated Bone)
3.7.8 Pterygopalatine Fossa
3.8 Medium Size Volume Scan of Maxilla and Mandible
3.8.1 Pterygoid Hamulus
3.8.2 Nasal Cycle
3.8.3 The Line with no Name
3.8.4 Palatomaxillary Suture
3.8.5 Lingual Canal
3.8.6 Nasopalatine Canal
3.8.7 Pterygoid Plates
3.8.8 Bony Septum within Maxillary Sinus
3.8.9 Nasal Septum, Deviated
3.8.10 Mandible—Non-rotated Images
3.9 Large Size Volume Scan of Maxilla and Mandible
3.9.1 Mandibular Ramus—Rotated Images
3.9.2 Mandibular Condyle—Rotated Images
3.9.3 Orientation Lines for Composite Pictures from Scan D830
3.9.4 Jugular Foramen
3.9.5 Palatine Tonsils
3.9.6 Prevertebral Component. Danger Space
3.10 Mandible and Skull Base, Unilateral
3.10.1 Stylomastoid Foramen
3.10.2 Foramen Ovale
3.11 Skull Base, Bilateral
3.11.1 Orientation Lines for Composite Pictures from Scan D819
3.11.2 Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis
3.11.3 Internal Auditory Canal
3.11.4 Foramen Rotundum
3.11.5 Optic Canal
3.12 Summary
References
4 CBCT Appearance of Alveolar Bone Changes Due to Age and Tooth Loss
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Paired Screenshots
4.1.2 Cases to Illustrate the Normal Variations in Bone Patterns in the Jaws
4.2 Radiographic Appearance of Trabecular and Cortical Bone
4.2.1 Trabecular Bone
4.2.2 Cortical Bone
4.2.3 Suture
4.2.4 Radiological Signs of Disease in Bone
4.3 Absence of Permanent Tooth/Teeth
4.3.1 Natural Causes of Absence of Tooth/Teeth
4.3.2 Tooth Loss as a Result of Dental Disease or Treatment
4.4 Healing of Tooth Socket after Tooth Extraction
4.5 Atrophy of Alveolar Bone after Tooth Extraction
4.6 CBCT Scans Showing Normal Variations in Cortical and Trabecular Bone Pattern
4.6.1 Three Videos of Scan D801
4.7 CBCT Scans Showing Appearance of Tooth Sockets after Extraction
4.8 CBCT Scans Comparing Alveolar Bones with and without Teeth, Showing Atrophy of Alveolar Bone Following Tooth Loss
4.9 CBCT Scans (syn-pan): Osteoporosis Versus Normal
4.9.1 Important Radiological Features of Osteoporosis
4.10 Maxillary Sinus: Variations in Size Naturally and Following Tooth Loss
4.10.1 Sinus Lining
4.11 Summary
References
5 Dental Periapical Diseases and Their Appearance on CBCT
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 How This Chapter Is Organised
5.2 Radiological Signs of Periapical Disease
5.2.1 Widened PDL Space at Root Apex
5.2.2 Loss of Lamina Dura
5.3 Periapical Disease
5.3.1 Caries
5.3.2 Apical Periodontitis
5.3.3 Periapical Granuloma
5.3.4 Radicular Cyst
5.3.5 Residual Cyst
5.4 Clinical Case D858
5.4.1 Findings in CBCT Scan
5.4.2 Interpretation of CBCT Scan D858
5.5 Clinical Case D864
5.5.1 Findings in CBCT Scan
5.5.2 Interpretation of CBCT Scan D864
5.6 Clinical Case D860
5.6.1 Findings in CBCT Scan
5.6.2 Interpretation of CBCT Scan D860
5.7 Clinical Case D859
5.7.1 Findings in CBCT Scan
5.7.2 Interpretation of CBCT Scan D859
5.8 Clinical Case D866
5.8.1 Findings in CBCT Scan
5.8.2 Interpretation of CBCT Scan D866
5.9 Summary
References
6 Radiological Signs of Benign and Malignant Disease and Their Appearance on CBCT
6.1 Introduction
6.2 How to Describe a Lesion
6.2.1 The Six Radiological Features to Assess
6.3 Lists of Radiological Signs
6.4 Signs Located in and around Teeth
6.4.1 Widening of Periodontal Ligament (PDL) Space +
Adjacent Benign Signs
6.4.2 Widening of Periodontal Ligament (PDL) Space +
Adjacent Suspicious Signs
6.4.3 Absent PDL
6.4.4 Loss of Lamina Dura: Periapical Area
6.4.5 Floating Teeth Sign
6.4.6 Thickened Lamina Dura
6.4.7 CEJ Attachment
6.4.8 Tooth Resorption: Internal
6.4.9 Tooth Resorption: External
6.4.10 Banding
6.4.11 Displacement of Teeth
6.4.12 Turner’s Tooth
6.5 Signs Located at the Bone Surface
6.5.1 Bone Expansion
6.5.2 Bone Thinning
6.5.3 Bone Fenestration
6.5.4 Thickened Cortex, Localised
6.5.5 Onion Skin Layering
6.5.6 Punched out Appearance
6.5.7 Sunray Appearance
6.5.8 Bone Destruction
6.5.9 Pathological Fracture
6.6 Signs Located at the Bone Interior
6.6.1 Sparse or Absent Trabeculae
6.6.2 Enlarged Trabecular Spaces
6.6.3 Decreased Bone Density (Diffuse)
6.6.4 Moth-Eaten Pattern
6.6.5 Unilocular Pattern
6.6.6 Multilocular Pattern
6.6.7 Pseudo-Locular Pattern
6.6.8 Mixed Opacity
6.6.9 Ground Glass Appearance
6.6.10 Increased Bone Density (Diffuse)
6.7 Signs: Other Miscellaneous
6.7.1 Corticated Margin (Thin)
6.7.2 Corticated Margin (Thick)
6.7.3 Opaque Rim or Band inside a Bone Cavity
6.7.4 Radiolucent Margin or Moat
6.7.5 Sinus Pneumatization
6.7.6 Opaque Sinus (= Opaque Antrum)
6.7.7 ID Canal Zigzag
6.7.8 ID Canal Flaring
6.7.9 Pseudo-Cyst
6.7.10 Absent Anatomy
6.8 Summary
7 Comparison Between Conventional Dental Radiography and CBCT
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Conventional Dental Radiography
7.2.1 Intraoral
7.2.2 Extraoral
7.2.3 Film versus Digital
7.2.4 Plain Radiography
7.3 Periapical Radiography
7.3.1 A Sequence of Radiographs to Illustrate the Value
of Periapical Radiographs During Endodontic Treatment
7.4 Bitewing Radiography
7.5 Occlusal Radiography
7.6 The Parallax Method
7.6.1 Palatally Impacted Canine
7.6.2 Buccally Impacted Canine
7.6.3 Mnemonic “SLOB”
7.7 Intraoral Radiography—Technique Errors
7.8 Dental Panoramic Tomography (DPT)
7.8.1 Drawings of the Focal Trough
7.8.2 The Term “Tomography”
7.8.3 The Focal Trough
7.8.4 The Concept of “In Focus”
7.8.5 The X-Ray Shadows in the DPT
7.8.6 Field Limitation Techniques
7.8.7 Ghost Shadows
7.8.8 Movement Artefact
7.8.9 Patient Positioning Errors
7.8.10 Other Artefacts in a DPT
7.9 Lateral Cephalometric Radiography
7.10 Oblique Lateral Radiography
7.11 Contrast Radiography
7.12 Cone Beam CT
7.12.1 Image Acquisition and Reconstruction
7.12.2 Size of FOV
7.12.3 Centre of Rotation and Offset
7.12.4 Voxels
7.12.5 Slice Thickness and Slice Interval
7.12.6 Multi-planar Reconstruction, Volume Rendering, and Movies
7.12.7 Streak Artefacts
7.12.8 Plane-of-Section Artefact—a Problem of Thin Slices
7.12.9 Thick Slices
7.12.10 Hidden Distortion—a Problem with Synthetic Panoramics
7.13 Comparing Conventional Dental Radiography and CBCT
7.13.1 Nature of the Image
7.13.2 Spatial Resolution
7.13.3 Contrast Resolution
7.13.4 Patient motion Artefact
7.13.5 Patient Head Positioning—Need for Accuracy
7.13.6 Infection Control
7.13.7 Plane-of-Section Artefact
7.13.8 CBCT Training
7.13.9 Knowledge and Interpretation
7.14 Summary 8 The Big Four in CBCT Applications
8. The Big Four in CBCT Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Justification Criteria, Legislation, and Guidelines
8.3 “High Risk” Lower Third Molars
8.3.1 Inferior Dental Nerve inside the Inferior Dental Canal
8.3.2 Lingual Nerve
8.3.3 Nerve to Mylohyoid
8.3.4 What Does the Surgeon Need to Know?
8.3.5 Plain Radiographic Investigation of Lower Third Molar
8.3.6 Radiological Signs of Close Proximity of ID Canal to Molar Tooth
8.3.7 Cross-Sectional Shape of ID Canal and Proximity to Root
8.3.8 Real-Life Patient Cases
8.3.9 Case D873
8.3.10 Case D870
8.3.11 Case D884
8.3.12 Case D898
8.4 Impacted Upper Canines
8.4.1 Incisor Root Resorption Caused by an Impacted Canine
8.4.2 Indirect Contact by Impacted Canine
8.4.3 Assessment of Root Surface Resorption
8.4.4 Viewing Strategy for Root Surface Resorption
8.4.5 Assessment of Impacted Upper Canines—Clinical Cases
8.4.6 Case D891
8.4.7 Case D880
8.4.8 Case D885
8.5 Dental Implants and Replacing Lost Teeth
8.5.1 Pre-implant Assessment—What Does the Implant Specialist Need to Know?
8.5.2 The Dental Arch
8.5.3 Arch Shape and Size
8.5.4 Imaging Stent and Fiducial Markers
8.5.5 Imaging Stent and Poor Seating
8.5.6 Real-Life Patient Cases
8.5.7 Case D863
8.5.8 Measuring Bone Dimensions on CBCT
8.5.9 Bone Measurements and Distance to Mental Foramen (Case D869)
8.5.10 Case D875
8.5.11 Case D826
8.5.12 How to Draw Syn-Pan Curves (Video Demonstrations, Case D826)
References
8.6 Endodontics and CBCT
8.6.1 Working Length
8.6.2 What Is the Endodontist Looking for?
8.6.3 CBCT Viewing Strategy
8.6.4 Case D833
8.6.5 Radiology Report for Case D833
8.6.6 C-Shaped Canal (Case D894)
8.6.7 Internal Resorption (Case D889)
8.6.8 External Resorption (Case D847)
8.6.9 External Cervical Resorption—Entry Point
8.6.10 Case D876
8.6.11 Vertical Fracture
8.6.12 Case D890
8.7 Summary
References
Glossary